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Mahan confederacy
Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 1st century BC to 3rd century AD in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces.〔 Gina Lee Barnes, 《State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives》, Psychology Press, 2001, ISBN 0700713239, p.29-33〕 Arising out of the confluence of Gojoseon migration and the Jin state federation, Mahan was one of the Samhan ("Three Hans"), along with Byeonhan and Jinhan. Baekje began as a member statelet, but later overtook all of Mahan and became one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
==History==
Mahan probably developed from the existing bronze society of third to second centuries BC, continuing to absorb migration from the north in subsequent centuries. King Jun of the kingdom of Gojoseon in northern Korea, having lost the throne to Wiman, fled to the state of Jin state in southern Korea around 194 - 180 BC. He and his followers are thought to have established a base within Jin territory. It is not certain whether Mahan conquered or arose out of this entity, but Mahan was certainly influenced by this influx of northern culture.
Further migration followed the fall of Gojoseon and establishment of the Chinese commanderies in the Liaoning region in 108 BC. It is described in the Chinese chronicle ''San Guo Zhi'' and the much later Korean chronicles ''Samguk Yusa'' and ''Samguk Sagi''.
In the 1st century AD, the Wolji/Mokji (月支/目支) state, that formed and led Mahan confederacy, was defeated in struggles with Baekje, another member of Mahan, and consequently losing whole region of present-day Han River basin. But the San Guo Zhi recorded the Han state fallen in struggles with the Lelang Commandery and Daifang Commandery in the 246.〔(关于正始七年魏韩战争 )〕〔(也谈燕、韩、吴三角关系中的几个问题 )〕〔 Sarah M. Nelson,《The Archaeology of Korea》, p.170, Cambridge University Press, 1993〕 Under continuous pressure from Baekje, only 20 statelets of Mahan confederacy survived until the late 3rd century. Baekje eventually absorbed or conquered all of Mahan by the 5th century,〔(马韩百济异史料 )〕 growing into one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Silla and Goguryeo.
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